句子成分导学案
课 题 | 课 型 | 班 级 | 姓 名 |
初高中衔接语法教学 | 复习 |
【学习目标】
1．理解必要的句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）、表语和宾补
2．掌握这五种句子成分的划分
【课前预习】
（一）句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个组成部分叫做句子成分, 英语的句子成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 、同位语（appositive）和补足语（complement）。
句子成分分为必要成分和次要成分。必要成分指英语五大基本句型中的组成部分，包括主语、谓语、_________和__________；次要成分有定语、宾补、状语、和同位语。
（二）主语
1．概念：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体或主题，一般位于谓语之前，但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
2．表现形式：
1）American country music has become more and more popular.（___词）
2）We often speak English in class.（_____词）
3）500 meters is half of a kilometer.（____词）注意：谓语动词通常用单数形式
4）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（__________）
5）Smoking does harm to the health. （___________）
6）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
7）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
8）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的__________）
归纳：主语通常由_______________、___________、___________、____________________、___________________、___________和名词化的形容词等表示。单个的动名词、不定式和从句作主语时，都看成单数。
（三）谓语
1. 概念：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语一般放在主语之______。
2. 谓语的种类：
1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2）复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
•.如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
有时句子主语并没有一个动作，句子只是表明主语身份、特点或状态，而表明主语身份、特点或状态的词或结构不能单独作谓语，它们必须与be, become, get等动词一起才能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫做连系动词，它们后面表示主语的身份、特点或状态的词或结构叫表语，又叫主语补足语，系动词与后面的表语合起来称之为谓语。
系动词分两类：A. be, ,feel, look, sound, smell, taste, appear, keep, seem，remain, rest, stand,stay表示情况或状态；
B. get, grow, become, turn，become, come, fall变成, freeze, get, grow, prove, run变得, turn ，turn out等表示变化或结果
* 1）一些系动词同时还是不及物或及物动词，如 look, turn, appear等。
2）系动词没有被动语态，get done 、be done结构往往表示状态。
如 He gets dressed before 7 a.m. every day.
I was excited about this parade.
3. 谓语动词的特点:
1) 唯一性：一个简单句(如果没有并列连词and, but, or)只有一个谓语动词。
请改正：Betty moved to France without telling me, left me sad.______________
2) 要具备完整的时态：请改正：He is beat the donkey too often. ______________
3）要有正确的语态（________和_________语态）
4）要与主语保持人称和数的一致。My sister _______________ ( make) lots of new friends since she went to the university.
（四）表语
1概念：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后，也被称之为主补。
2表现形式：请观察下列句子的划线部分，然后归纳总结
（1）、Our teacher of English is an American.
（2）、Is it yours?
（3）、He turned silent at the thought. The speech is exciting.
（4）、Three times seven is twenty one?
(5)、Her job is taking care of the old patients.
（6）、The class is over.
（7）、His job is to teach English.
（8）、They got married yesterday. The news remains unknown.
（9）、The machine must be out of order.
（10）、The truth is that he has never been abroad.
归纳总结：表语一般由__________、__________、__________、__________、__________、__________、__________、__________、__________及从句表示。所有的系动词都可跟形容词作表语，其中下划线的连系动词可跟名词（词组）、代词、数词、动名词和从句作表语。appear, be, play, remain, rest, seem, get, grow, prove, turn out还可跟动词不定式作表语。
(五) 宾语
1概念：宾语表示动作或关系的对象、承受者或内容。
2种类：从位置看，可以分为动词宾语和介词宾语；从意义看，可分为直接宾语（内容）和间接宾语（对象）。
如：I love my parents because they love me and care for me very much.
I plane to cook my family a dinner this weekend.
3表现形式：
•.They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. 名词
•.Our teacher gave us some tools to clean our classroom. _________
•.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. _________
•.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. _________
•.He pretended not to see me. _________
•.She don’t know what to do next. _________
•.I am fond of listening to popular music. _________
•.I think（that）he is fit for his office. _________
•.They are discussing where the party will be held. _________
归纳总结：宾语可以以名词、___________、___________、___________、___________、___________、或___________的形式出现。
（六） 宾语补足语
1. 概念：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个宾语以外，宾语后还要有一个词（短语）对它进行补充说明，才能使句子的意义完整，这个宾语后的词或短语就叫宾语补足语。
2特点：宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
如：I often find him at work. → He is at work.
New methods make the job easy. → The job is / becomes easy.
3表现形式：
1）They thought his music as noise . （介词短语）
2）He had both his legs blown off in the war. ____________
3）His father named him Dongming. (名词）
4）They painted their boat white. （形容词）
5）Let the fresh air in. _____________
6）You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. ____________
7）We saw her entering the room. _____________
8） I heard many people enter the room. (省略to的动词不定式）
9） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
【课堂活动】
一、划出下列句子的主语
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
二、划出句中谓语
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
② We had better send for a doctor.
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
⑤ What I want to tell you is this.
⑥ He is interested in music.
三、划出句中的宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
④ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
⑤ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
【课后练习】
(一) 划出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(二) 划出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She made the children read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ Driving carelessly can cause people who have an accident to lose life sometimes.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
