初三英语《虚拟语气》教学设计

作者：忆梦阁 | 发布时间：2024-03-23 10:13:28 收藏本文下载本文

姓名

冒思远

学生姓名

昂扬

填写时间

2017. 6.5

学科

英语

年级

初三

教材版本

人教

阶段

观察期□：第（ 1 ）周维护期□

本人课时统计

第（ 2 ）课时

共（ 20 ）课时

课题名称

虚拟语气

课时计划

第（ 1 ）课时

共（1 ）课时

上课时间

6.14

教学目标

教学知识内容

虚拟语气的具体用法

个性化学习问题解决

虚拟语气的构成

教学重点

条件句中的虚拟语气

教学难点

虚拟语气的运用

教学准备

教案，习题

教学方法

任务型教学法

教

学

过

程

教师活动

学生活动

虚拟语气

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。

一、语气的定义和种类

1.陈述语气

陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句，可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的。

Where there is a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。

Can you help me carry the box upstairs 你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？

How I missed the life in the countryside! 我多么想念乡村的生活啊！

2.祈使语气

祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。

Come this way, please! 请这边走。

Don't make any noise, will you 别吵，行吗？

Do be careful when crossing the street. 过马路时一定要小心。

3.虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。

If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。

I wish it were spring all the year round. 但愿四季如春。

May good luck be yours! 祝你好运！

二、简单句中的虚拟语气

（一）情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：

⑴.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？

⑵.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。

（二）表祝愿。

1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。结构为“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”

（1）May good luck be yours!祝你好运！

（2）May you be happy!祝你快乐！

（3）May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！

（4）May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。

（5）May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。

（6）May you be happy.祝你幸福。

2、用动词原形。例如：

（1）Long live the people! 人民万岁！

（2）“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”

（3）Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！

（三）表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）

（1）God save me．

（2）Heaven help us．

（四）表命令

1、命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。

2、句子尾通常加上感叹号：！

3、虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work,be,go

4、否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词do，加上not。

（1）Work !

（2）Work harder !

（3）Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词Be)

（4）You go out !

（5）Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)

（6）Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替do not)

（五）在一些习惯表达中。

1、提出请求或邀请。如：

（1）Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？

（2）Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？

2、陈述自己的观点或看法。如：

（1）I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。

（2）I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。

3、提出劝告或建议。如：

（1）You’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。

（2）You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。

（3）You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。

4、提出问题。如：

（1）Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？

（2）Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？

5、表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。如：

（1）You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。

（2）You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了。

三、条件句中的虚拟语气

英语中条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。

（一）真实条件句：表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。

（1）If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him. 如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。

（2）If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。

（3）We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。

（4）I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean. 如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。

（二）非真实条件句：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。

在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成有三种形式：

①与现在事实相反：

if条件句的谓语：were，did ；主句的谓语：would (could，should，might) + do

②与过去事实相反：

if条件句的谓语：had done ；主句的谓语：would（could，should，might）+ have done

③与将来事实相反：

If条件句的谓语：did，were或should do或were to do ；主句的谓语：would（could，should，might）

1、表示与现在事实相反的条件

条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。

（1）If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。

（2）If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你，我就去试试。

（3）If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑。

（4）would go if they treated me like a slave. 要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。

注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：“主语+ would be + 进行式动词+ ……”

（1）If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.

2、表示与过去事实相反的条件

条件从句用动词的过去完成时，主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+have done，也可用could, might代替should, would。

（1）If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。

（2）If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping. 今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。

（3）The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs. 倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。

3、表示在将来不太可能实现（与将来事实相反）的条件

① were，did

条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。

（1）If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话，我就和他谈谈。

（2）If you dropped the glass, it would break. 你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。

（3）If she had time, she could help me. 她要是有时间，就会帮我了。

② should do

条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。

（1）If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。

（2）We would trust him if he should be honest. 如果他真是诚实的，那我们就相信他。

③ were to do

条件从句用were + to do，这种形式比较正式，常出现在书面语中，其假设成份很大，实现的可能性很小。

（1）If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。

（2）If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him 假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？

将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比：

（1）If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。

（常用形式）

（2）If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。（可能性较小）

（3）If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天要下雪的话，我就留在家里。（可能性最小）

注意：

1、如果动作在进行中，从句（不是主句）要用：“If +主语+过去进行时动词+……”

⑽、If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.（从句动词用were staying, 主句动词用let）如果她现在留在这儿，我可能会让她骑我的马。

2、有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情：

（1）I could help you. (只有主句）

（2）If I had time. (只有从句）

（3）She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)

（4）If he had much more money. (只有从句)

3、在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。如：

（1）If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. = Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。

（2）Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. = Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.

不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。

（三）省略if的条件句

在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。

（1）Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......）

（2）Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam. 你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......）

（3）Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......）

（四）错综条件句（混合条件句）

虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致，这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。

1、从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

（1）If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

（2）If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。

（3）If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。

2、从句表示将来，主句表示过去：

（1）If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.

3、从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

（1）If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the experiment next week.

4、从句表示将来，主句表示现在：

（1）If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

5、从句表示过去，主句表示现在。

（1）If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

（2）If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.

如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。

6、从句表示现在，主句表示过去

（1）If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。

7、从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在

（1）If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.

假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。

（2）If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。

8、从句表示现在，主句说明将来

（1）If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。

注意：

在很多情况下，我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。

（1）If he were here tomorrow... 也可以说成：If he was here tomorrow...

（2）I wish I were a bird.也可以说成：I wish I was a bird.

但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。

（1）Were I in your position, I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置，我是不会干这件事的。

（五）含蓄条件句

非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况：

1、条件暗含在短语中

（1）He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中)

（2）But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中)

（3）This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中)

（4）He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or)

2．条件可根据上下文推理出

（1）It would do you no good. 这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job 如果你放弃这项工作的话)

（2）They could have won. 他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话)

（3）Such mistakes could have been avoided. 这种错误完全能避免。（条件可能是if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话）

（4）Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you. 为什么你不告诉我？我会帮助你的。（条件可能是if you had told me about it 如果你当时告诉我的话）

（5）-Did you go to see him yesterday 你昨天去看他了吗？-I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit. 原想去的，但有人到我家来玩了。（条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit 如果没人到我家来玩的话）

3．条件用其他形式来表示

（1）She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting. 她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（条件通过连词otherwise/or表示出来 If she had not been ill...）

（2）I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him. 我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（连词but暗示条件）

（3）Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do 假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办？（用suppose/supposing/providing等词表示if）

（4）To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well. 如果你同她交谈，你就会知道她的听力不好。（动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于 If you should talk with her...）

（5）Left to himself, he could not have finished the work. 要是放任他的话，他是不可能完成工作的。（动词的-ed形式表示条件 If he had been left to himself...）

提示：

在很多情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。

You wouldn't know. 你不会知道。

I would like to go with you. 我愿意和你一起去。

四、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法

虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。

（一）名词性从句中的虚拟语气

主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义，与其相关的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

1、主语从句中的虚拟语气

主语从句通常用于“It is + 形容词、名词、动词的-ed形式（过去分词） + that ...”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式，其谓语动词常用 “should + 动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。

使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语用虚拟语气。

在“It is ＋名词＋that”的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。

①表示建议或命令

（1）It is important that we (should) work out a study plan. 重要的是我们要制订出一个学习计划。

（2）will be better that we (should) meet some other time. 最好我们在另一个时间见面。

（3）It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English. 有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。

（4）It is demanded that he should leave at once. 要求他立刻离开。

（5）It’s my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建议派他去国外进一步学习。

②表示惊讶

（1）It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings. 真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。

（2）It is a pity/shame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital. 真可惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。

（3）It is natural that you should forget it first.你起先记不住是很自然的。

句型：

1、It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural ……that…

2、It is a pity / a shame / no wonder……that…

3、It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed ……that …

4、It worries me that…

如：

（1）It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。

（2）It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。

（3）It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。

（4）It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。

（5）It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。

必背：

常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词：

形容词：natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)， necessary (必须的，必要的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)， probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)，desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。

过去分词: required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)，suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)，ordered (命令)，arranged，proposed等。

2、宾语从句

虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。

常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有：一个坚持：insist；两个命令：order, command；三个建议：suggest, advise, propose；四个要求：demand, require, ask, desire；

（由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：

表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg

表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote

表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order

表示“主张”的：maintain, urge

表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist）

①在suggest（建议）, order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command (命令)，request（要求），advise（建议）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 should + 动词原形（美国英语常省略should）。

（1）The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求学生不要使用计算器。

（2）workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent. 工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。

（3） requested that he (should) sing a song. 他们要求他唱一首歌。

比较：

动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。

1、suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。

（1）His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。（暗示）

（2）He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（建议）

2、insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。

（1）He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。（强调）

（2）He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。（要求）

②在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。wish的各种时态都不影响从句的时态。

Ⅰ、一般过去时：were/did 表示目前不可能实现的愿望

（1）I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是一只小鸟。

（2）I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。

Ⅱ、过去完成时：had done或would/could/might + have done表示过去不可能实现的愿望

（1）I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。

（2）I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。

Ⅲ、过去将来时：would/could do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望，主句和从句的主语（可以）不相同

（1）I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。

（2）I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。

即

表示所发生的时间

虚拟语气结构

发生在主句动作之前

(1)had + 过去分词；

(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词

与主句动作同时发生

过去时(be 用were )

发生在主句动作之后

would / could / might / should + 原形动词

提示：

1、由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。

（1）The students hope that their football team will win the game. 学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。（可能实现）

（2）I wish I could see him now. 我希望现在就能看到他。（不可能实现）

2、如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求

（1）I wish he would answer my letter.

（2）I wish prices would come down.

（3）I wish you would help me.

（4）I wish you would stop asking silly questions.

③在expect, believe, think, suspect，imagine等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。

（1）I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier.

我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。

④would rather，would sooner，had rather，would (just) as soon ，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。

（1）The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office．经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。

（2）be frank，I'd rather you were not involved in the case．坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。

（3）don't have to be in such a hurry．I would rather you went on business first．你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。

（4）I’d rather you didn't make any comment on the issue for the time being．我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。

（5）Frankly speaking ，I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being．坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。

（6）Wouldn't you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？

（7）I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday．我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

注：

1、若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形

I would rather stay at home today．

2、would rather．．．than．．．中用动词原形

I would rather stay at home than go out today．

⑤“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。

I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。

3、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气

在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”结构。

（1）My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。

（2）The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only. 按照要求作文必须单面誊写。

（3）It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year. 我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。

（4）The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable. 教育要改革的建议是合理的。

必背：

表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有advice 建议，demand要求，desire愿望，decision 决定，idea 意见，motion提议，order 命令，proposal 提议，requirement要求，request 请求，regulation 规章，suggestion建议，recommendation建议,suggestion建议，order命令，necessity必要地, preference优先，proposal计划, plan计划, resolution等。

（二）状语从句中的虚拟语气

1、方式状语从句

由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。

a. 表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时

（1）The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. 这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）

b. 表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时

（1）I felt as though we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年）

c. 表示与将来事实不相符（过去想象中的动作或情况），用would/might/could

（1）It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）

即

表示所发生的时间	虚拟语气结构
发生在主句动作之前	had + 过去分词
与主句动作同时发生	过去时(be 用were )
发生在主句动作之后	would / could / might / should+原形动词

对比：

He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻）

He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻）

2、目的状语从句

a. 由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句（表示“以防，以免”等意思），动词用“should + 动词原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。

（1）Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget. 请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。

（2）She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget. 她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。

（3）We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there

should be any misunderstanding.我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会。

b. 在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。

（1）I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget. 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。

（2）They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time. 为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。

（3）We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself. 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。

3、让步状语从句

让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。

（1）Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope. 即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。

（2）I should say the same thing even if he were here. 即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。

（3）Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part. 不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。

（4）However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together. 不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。

（5）No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law. 一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。

注意：

1、在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：

（1）Even if he had been tended without delay, nothing would have saved him.

即使他受到立即治疗，也没有什么东西能救他。

（2）Even if I were there, I shouldn’t be able to solve the problem by myself.

即使我在那儿，我也不能自己解决这个问题。

2、在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：

①may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：

（1）We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。

（2）We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。

（3）I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。

②may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：

（1）You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from www.yygrammar.com)。

（2）We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。

3、在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：

Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。

Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。

4、原因状语从句中的虚拟语气

amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：

①should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：

He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。

I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。

②should + 完成式, 指过去。如：

I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。

I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟知道我昨天所做的事情

（三）定语从句中的虚拟语气

“It is (about/high) time (that) + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形”结构，表示“（早）到某人该做某事的时间了”。

（1）It is time that the children went to bed. 到孩子们睡觉的时间了。

（2）It is high time that we began the meeting. 正是我们开会的时间了。

（3）It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。

四、其他句型中的虚拟语气

A．If only......

If only（要是……就好）位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。

（1）If only he knew the answer. 他要是知道答案就好了。（用过去时表示现在）

（2）If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！（用would/could表示将来）

（3）If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。（用过去完成时表示过去）

注意：if only和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。

（1）If only it would rain. 但愿天能下点儿雨！= How I wish it would rain.

（2）If only I had known her earlier! 要是我早点儿认识她就好了！= I wish I had known her earlier.

B．情态动词用于虚拟语气

部分情态动词的过去形式（could, might, should, would），可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。

1．表示想像或猜测

（1）If I could speak French, I would teach you. 如果我会说法语，我就能教你。（我不会，所以不能教你）

（2）If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled. 如果你现在给他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。

（3）There could be something wrong with the tape recorder. 这台录音机可能出毛病了。

（4）He might have said so. 他可能这样说过。

（5）Could he have done such a foolish thing 他会做这样的傻事吗？

2．表示委婉或客气

虚拟语气（could, would, might + 动词原形）可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。

（1）You could answer this email for me. 你可以替我回这个电子邮件。

（2）Could you leave me your telephone number and address 你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗？

（3）Would you mind opening the window 劳驾把窗子打开，好吗？

（4）You might as well put off the discussion till next week. 你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。

比较：

would like to do 愿意，想要

would like to have done 本来想

I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)

I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。（没有谈成）

3．表示惋惜或责备

（1）Given more time, we could have done better. 如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。（我们并没有得到更多的时间）

（2）You could have got up a little earlier！你完全可以早点儿起来！（实际上没有早起）

（3）It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat. 昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。（但我没穿）

（4）This wall shouldn't have been pained blue. 这墙不应该漆成蓝色。（但已漆了）

提示：

当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少，许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用陈述语气代替。

（1）He suggested that I went to the hospital at once. 他建议我们立刻去医院。（原应用should go）

（2）We shall write down the address lest we forget. 我们要把地址记下来，以免忘记。（原应用should forget）

（3）Imagine you are an astronaut. 设想你是个宇航员。（原应用were）

五、虚拟语气从句中should可以省略的情况

1. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的动词后的从句（宾语从句）里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如：advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine,grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose,request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.

常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.

如：

（1）His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.

（2）The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.

2. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的名词后的从句（表语从句，同位语从句）里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如：advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand,

determination, indication, insistence, order,preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.

例如：

（1）It was Bill’s suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.

（2）His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.

（3）He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.

3. 在It is/was +形容词（或名词）后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略.

句型结构如：It is suggested / important / demanded / necessary / a pity /…+ that…

（1）It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

（2）It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial,desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要),impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary,obligatory, possible, preferable, probable,recommended, urgent, vital etc.

例如：

（1）It's natural that she (should) do so.

（2）It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.

4. 在lest 和for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)从句中用should, should 可以省略.

例如：

（1）She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.

（2）Have your gun ready in case we should need it.

虚拟语气精选例题解析

1.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.

A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost

解析：这个句子中含有一个省略if，把助动词提前到主语they之前的虚拟条件句，该条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中by the time they were finished 表明主句也应该是对过去发生的情况的假设，因而应该选（B）would have lost为正确答案。

2. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he ______ our chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be

解析：这道题目是一个混合虚拟语气的句子。条件句省略了if，把助词had提前到主语前面，表示对过去情况的假设，而主句中now表明了对现在情况的假设，所以应选would(should, could, might)+动词原形这种表达形式。四个选项中只有（D）是正确表达形式，故为正确答案。

3. If you ______ Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.

A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’t contacted

解析：until recently，因此（D）是正确答案，而主句是隐含的对现在情况的假设，该句是一个混合虚拟条件句。

4. ______ he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday .

A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for

解析：假设的情况有时不是用一个条件句表示，而是隐含在一个由介词如but for、but that、without, 由连词but、副词otherwise 、比较级、形容词、独立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示对过去情况的假设，但事实上由于英语考试而没有去成，即若不是因为英语考试，我本可以去听音乐会，所以应选（B）But for为正确答案。

5. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______ your advice .

A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed

解析：题目中的第一句话表示的是现在真实的情况，而第二句话中所要表达的是应该做但事实上没有做的事，这种情况导致第一句话中真实情况的发生，故If only条件句假设的是过去一种情况，因此应该用had +过去分词，所以正确答案是（C）。

6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _______a sudden loud noise.

A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been

解析：句意为：“要是有一声巨响，这些动物会受到惊吓，这是有现实可能性的。”should there be表示虚拟条件句中将来时间的谓语形式, if省略,所以should与there倒装。因此B. should there be 就是本题答案。

7、When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _______ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man.

A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off

解析： propose是欲望动词,后接的宾语从句或主语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气：should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。选择（A）. turn off

8、I apologize if I _______ you,but I assure you it was unintentional.

A. offend B. had offended

C. should have offended D. might have offended

解析： B. had offended 。本题测试交错时间的虚拟条件句。was 暗示，事情发生在过去，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示过去时间的虚拟形式。

9、The board deemed it urgent that these files _______ right away.

A. had to be printed B. should have been printed

C. must be printed D. should be printed

解析： D. should be printed 。因为urgent是欲望形容词,在句中作形式宾语it的补足语,所以宾语从句中的谓语需用虚拟语气:(should)+动词原形(主动态或被动态)。

10、The board deemed it urgent that these files_______ right away.

A. had to be printed B. should have been printed

C. must be printed D. should be printed

解析：it是形式宾语，urgent是宾语补足语，that引导的从句是真正的宾语从句，该从句的内容被认为是urgent（急迫的），这样从句的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气形式，即should（可以省略）+动词原形。因此，本题正确答案是（D）。

11、Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed

解析：（C）在表示要求、愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的名词同位语从句中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气形式，即should(可以省略)+动词原形。

12、I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______ fully occupied the whole of last week.

A. were B. had been C. have been D. was

解析：（D）本道题目的前半句话是对过去情况的一种假设，但事实上并没有发生，而事实上没有发生的真实原因是句子的后半部分由but引导的转折句所表述的真实。因而but所引导的句子中应该用表示志过去事实相符合的表陈述的时态，即一般过去时。

13. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.

A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended

解析：（B）此题要求在if从句中选择适当的动词形式，以主句中的动词apologize(抱歉)来看，if从句中表达的内容应该是过去做的事，因此可以排除（A），因为（A）是现在时。（C）中should+have+过去分词结构表示本来应该做却没有做的事，在此不合题意。（D）选项中的might+have+过去分词表示对过去发生的事情很不肯定的猜测，它表达的内容还不能成为事实，所以藉此道歉真是不知从何说起，因此此处也不合题意。（B）had offended表示当时已经发生了的动作。这是复杂条件句：apologize 是现在，而条件句是表示对过去假设的条件句。

14. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.

A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling

解析：该句也是一个复杂条件句（或称作混合虚拟条件句）。条件句表示对过去情况的假设，而主句表示对现在情况的假设，但事实上却与此相反，所以正确答案应该是（A）。

15. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun ________round the earth.

A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling

解析：if引导的从句要求用虚拟语气，表示同时或将来的情况，动词要用过去式（be动词用were）或would(could等)+动词原形，本句话中指的是当时的情况，所以要用过去式，故（A）是正确答案。

16. If the Watergate Incident______ Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency.

A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling

解析：（B）had not occurred表示对过去的虚拟，条件句中要用过去完成式，主句中要用should(would, could, might)+动词原形的过去分词。

17. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I had hoped ______ .

A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me

解析：（B）had hoped是常见的要求其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气的句型,虚拟语气would+动词原形。

18. George would certainly have attended the proceedings ______ .

A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened

C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself

解析：表示对过去情况的假设，主句动词形式为would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词，条件句为过去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主语前面。（B），（D）的表达不符合英语表达习惯，所以（C）是正确答案。

19. The teacher suggested that her students ______experiences with ESP.

A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the

C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his

解析：（A）suggest后面的从句要用虚拟语气形式，其形式为should（可以省略）+动词原形。

20. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.

A. were B. had been C. is D. has been

解析：（A）．表示与现在相反的虚拟。

21. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip______ a great success.

A. had been B. has been C. were D. was

解析：A．as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

22. Looking round the town, he felt as though he ______ away for ages.

A. has been B. was C. is D. had been

解析：D．felt是过去式，所以该句是由as though引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

23. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he ______ as elephant.

A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift

解析：D．as if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟。

24. He described the town as if he ______ it himself.

A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees

解析：A．as if引导的与过去相反的虚拟。

25. Most insurance agents would rather you______ anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation.

A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do

解析：（D）would rather后接从句要求用虚拟语气，形式为过去式，表示对现在或将来的假设，或为过去完成式表示对过去的情况的假设。

26. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they ______ the experience of meeting.

A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have

解析：（C）who引导的定语从句中的现在完成时表示动作业已发生，所以主句中表示的虚拟是针对已经发生了的行为，所以应该用过去完成式表示对过去的虚拟。

27. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology ______ .

A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved

C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved

解析：（C）这是一人含蓄虚拟条件句，通过介词短语without,表示潜在的一种假设，而主句中的情况也早已经发生，所以是对过去情况的一种假设，因此用would not have been achieved这一形式。

28. He told her to return the book in time so that others ______ a chance to read it .

A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have

解析：（D）连so that引导的从句中要求用虚拟语气，表示一种假设，形式为might+动词原形。

29. It is time that the government ______ measures to protect the rare birds and animals.

A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking

解析：（B）It is time that是一种要求从句用虚拟语气的常见句型。虚拟语气形式为动词的过去式。

30. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he ______ to the meeting.

A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come

解析：（C）otherwise用来表示一种含蓄的虚拟假设，因为是对过去(yesterday)的情况的假设，所以应该用would have come形式。

31. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldn’t be surprised if he ______ acting for a living one day.

A. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken up

解析：（B）所给的四个选项中没有一个表示对未来的情况的虚拟的形式should+动词原形，或是were to do，因此可以断定if引导的条件句在这里最真实的条件句，用一般现在时表示一般将来时，故（B）是正确答案。

32. If I had seen the movie, I ______ you all about it now.

A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told

解析：（A）这是一个混合虚拟语气的句子，if条件句表示的是对过去情况的假设，而主句是对现在（now）的情况的假设，故用would tell形式。

33. I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.

A. do B. didn’t do C. don’t D. didn’t

解析：B．would rather引导的虚拟语气其谓语用过去式。

34. Mary ______ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

A. has received B. ought to have received

C. couldn’t have received D. shouldn’t have received

解析：C．注意单词otherwise引导虚拟语气。

35. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him. ( 1995年6月四级第46题)

A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned

C) would telephone D) had telephoned

解析：本题是与过去时相反的虚拟句，从句中用过去完成式，主句中用would have done。本句相当于if we had known his telephone number，we would have telephoned him。答案是（A） would have telephoned。

36. Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四级第44题)

A. has to get B. had got C. were to get D. could have got

解析：本句的意思是：“琼不想马上就工作，她认为要是找了工作，就不能经常探访她的朋友了”。这说明，琼目前没有工作。句中假设的情况在近期内并不会存在。该条件句应当用表示将来情况的虚拟语气。条件从句的谓语用should或were to引出。因此C. were to get 是本题答案。选项A. has to get是陈述语气的现在时，不能用于虚拟条件句中。选项B. had got是虚拟语气的过去时，不能表示将来时间。选项D. could have got不能用于虚拟语气的条件从句中。

37. Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice.(1993年6月四级第70题)

A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed

解析：if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是……多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生（事实上不可能发生）与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是：“看我现在的处境多糟糕！要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上，句中的“我”没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。题中空格处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。

38 .That tree looked as if it _____ for a long time.

a.hasn't watered b.had not been watered

c.didn't water d.wasn't watered

解析：本题测试as if 从句的虚拟语气。一般来说，as if 从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或纯粹是一种假设时，通常使用虚拟语气。

39. I'd rather you ____ anything about it for the time being.

a. don't do b.did

c.didn't do d.would do

解析：would rather 表示愿望，后接从句用虚拟语气，用过去时。

40. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ____ your advice

a.follow b.would follow

c.had followed d.have followed

解析：本题测试if only 引起的感叹句的虚拟语气。if only 引起的感叹句，相当于“how I wish +宾语从句”。其谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句形式相同。

41. We are all for your proposal that discussion _____.(1998年6月四级第68题)

a. be put off b. was put off c. should put off d. is to put off

解析：全句意思是：我们都赞成你的建议，把讨论推迟。答案是A。虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用

在It's (high) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式。

42. It's already 5 o'clock now. Don't you think it's about time _____ ?(1995年6月四级第43题)

A. we are going home B. if she leaves

C. we went home D. if she had left

解析：“现在已经十六点钟了，难道你不认为该回家了吗？”句中的“it's about time …”引起虚拟。因此答案是C。

43. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.(1998年1月四级第38题)

a. injure b. injured c. had injure d. would injure

解析：“这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。”在lest 引导的状语从句中，谓语动词多用虚拟语气，(should )+ 动词原形。答案是a。

44. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though _____ out of the office.

A. went B. gone C. to go D. would go

解析：答案为：C. to go 。 as though或as if引导的状语从句中,从句主语和主句主语相同时,从句中可省略主语和部分谓语,如：1) She paused, as if to let the painful memories pass. (省略she wanted)

2) From time to time Jason turned round as though searching for someone. (省略he were)

3) The boy started, as if awakened from some dream. (省略he were)

由此可见,本题中省略she wanted。

45. I'd rather you _____ by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.

A. would go B. should go C. went D. had gone

解析：“我宁愿你乘火车去，因为我无法想像在如此恶劣的天气你呆在飞机里。”主语+would rather后接宾语从句,从句中谓语须用虚拟语气：用一般过去时表示希望现在或将来实现的行为或状态,用过去完成时表示希望过去实现的行为或状态。本题中原因状语从句用一般现在时,暗示希望现在或将来发生的行为动作,故选答案为 C. went。

46. _____ for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.

A. Had it not been B. Were it not C. Be it not D. Should it not be

解析：“要不是老百姓的及时投资，我们的公司不会像现在这样兴旺。”本题测试交错时间的虚拟语气。从句是表示过去时间的虚拟条件，if省略，主语it与助动词had倒装。虚拟条件句也可写成这样：If it had nor been for the timely investment from the general public。这是重点句型，在各类测试中常考。答案： A. Had it not been

47. A safety analysis _____ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.

A. would identify B. will identify

C. would have identified D. will have identified

解析：“一次安全隐患分析本来会确认这个目标是潜在的危险。不幸的是，这样的分析从未做过。”这是对过去时间的虚拟，表示过去要做而没有做的事。因而答案选 C. would have identified

48. In the past men generally preferred that their wives _____ in the home.

A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working

解析：“过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。”因为prefer(宁愿)是欲望动词,其后所接的宾语从句中谓语需用(should)+动词原形。答案：C. work

49. Had he worked harder, he _____ the exams.

A. must have got through B. would have got through

C. would get through D. could get through

解析：本题前半句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句，后半句是表示与过去事实相反的主句。相当于：If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.本题的答案是B. would have got through。选项A. must have got through（肯定通过）表示一种对过去事情的主观推测，不是与过去事情相反的情况。另外，must不能用在虚拟条件句中。选项C.

would get through（就会通过）是虚拟语气现在时的一种表示方法，表示与现在事实相反。选项D. could get through（可能通过），could也可以用于非真实条件句里，表示与事实相反的情况，但这里，它只表示与现在事实或将来可能的事实相反。

50. I'd rather you _____ by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.

A. would go B. should go C. went D. had gone

解析：主语+would rather后接宾语从句,从句中谓语须用虚拟语气：用一般过去时表示希望现在或将来实现的行为或状态,用过去完成时表示希望过去实现的行为或状态。本题中原因状语从句用一般现在时,暗示希望现在或将来发生的行为动作,故选C. went。

课

后

记

本节课教学计划完成情况：照常完成□ 提前完成□ 延后完成□ ___________________________

学生的接受程度：完全能接受□ 部分能接受□ 不能接受□ ___________________________

学生的课堂表现：很积极□ 比较积极□ 一般□ 不积极□ ___________________________

学生上次作业完成情况：数量_100__% 完成质量_80__分存在问题 __做题不认真________

配合需求：家长：积极配合，监督孩子在家背单词，每天坚持读英语